use the latest compatible setuptools version for the current Python version

Now using setuptools 1.4.2 with Python 2.4 & 2.5, and using setuptools 3.3 with
later Python versions. This should help avoid installation issues in different
exotic use cases that were once not being handled by setuptools but have since
been corrected.
This commit is contained in:
Jurko Gospodnetić 2014-03-23 18:39:23 +01:00
parent 32afd327a1
commit ac23dfbbd7
6 changed files with 535 additions and 152 deletions

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@ -247,10 +247,14 @@ RELEASE PROCEDURE
2. Test the project build with the latest available ``setuptools`` project and
update the ``ez_setup.py`` ``setuptools`` installation script as needed.
* Chosen ``setuptools`` version needs to support all the Python interpreter
versions supported by our project.
* Use the latest available & tested ``setuptools`` release.
* If a new ``setuptools`` release drops support for an older Python release,
update our ``setup.py`` script to use an older ``setuptools`` installation
script when run using the no longer supported Python release.
* ``setuptools`` version 2.0 dropped support for Python 2.4 & 2.5.
* For example, ``setuptools`` version 2.0 dropped support for Python 2.4 &
2.5 and so ``setup.py`` uses a separate ``ez_setup_1_4_2.py``
``setuptools`` installation script with Python versions older than 2.6.
3. Version identification.

View File

@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
include notes/*.rst
include notes/*.txt
include ez_setup.py
include ez_setup_1_4_2.py
include HACKING.rst
include LICENSE.txt
include TODO.txt

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@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ version 0.7 (development)
* Python 3.4.0/x32, on Windows 7/SP1/x64.
* Python 3.4.0/x64, on Windows 7/SP1/x64.
* Now uses ``setuptools`` 1.4.2 with Python 2.4 & 2.5, and ``setuptools`` 3.3
with all more recent Python releases.
* Improved support for ``decimal`` XSD types.
* Now modeled internally using Python's ``decimal.Decimal`` type instead of

View File

@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
#!python
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""Bootstrap setuptools installation
If you want to use setuptools in your package's setup.py, just include this
file in the same directory with it, and add this to the top of your setup.py::
To use setuptools in your package's setup.py, include this
file in the same directory and add this to the top of your setup.py::
from ez_setup import use_setuptools
use_setuptools()
If you want to require a specific version of setuptools, set a download
mirror, or use an alternate download directory, you can do so by supplying
To require a specific version of setuptools, set a download
mirror, or use an alternate download directory, simply supply
the appropriate options to ``use_setuptools()``.
This file can also be run as a script to install or upgrade setuptools.
@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ import os
import shutil
import sys
import tempfile
import tarfile
import zipfile
import optparse
import subprocess
import platform
import textwrap
import contextlib
from distutils import log
@ -29,38 +31,19 @@ try:
except ImportError:
USER_SITE = None
DEFAULT_VERSION = "1.4"
DEFAULT_VERSION = "3.3"
DEFAULT_URL = "https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/s/setuptools/"
def _python_cmd(*args):
"""
Return True if the command succeeded.
"""
args = (sys.executable,) + args
return subprocess.call(args) == 0
def _check_call_py24(cmd, *args, **kwargs):
res = subprocess.call(cmd, *args, **kwargs)
class CalledProcessError(Exception):
pass
if not res == 0:
msg = "Command '%s' return non-zero exit status %d" % (cmd, res)
raise CalledProcessError(msg)
vars(subprocess).setdefault('check_call', _check_call_py24)
def _install(tarball, install_args=()):
# extracting the tarball
tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
log.warn('Extracting in %s', tmpdir)
old_wd = os.getcwd()
try:
os.chdir(tmpdir)
tar = tarfile.open(tarball)
_extractall(tar)
tar.close()
# going in the directory
subdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, os.listdir(tmpdir)[0])
os.chdir(subdir)
log.warn('Now working in %s', subdir)
def _install(archive_filename, install_args=()):
with archive_context(archive_filename):
# installing
log.warn('Installing Setuptools')
if not _python_cmd('setup.py', 'install', *install_args):
@ -68,47 +51,61 @@ def _install(tarball, install_args=()):
log.warn('See the error message above.')
# exitcode will be 2
return 2
finally:
os.chdir(old_wd)
shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
def _build_egg(egg, tarball, to_dir):
# extracting the tarball
tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
log.warn('Extracting in %s', tmpdir)
old_wd = os.getcwd()
try:
os.chdir(tmpdir)
tar = tarfile.open(tarball)
_extractall(tar)
tar.close()
# going in the directory
subdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, os.listdir(tmpdir)[0])
os.chdir(subdir)
log.warn('Now working in %s', subdir)
def _build_egg(egg, archive_filename, to_dir):
with archive_context(archive_filename):
# building an egg
log.warn('Building a Setuptools egg in %s', to_dir)
_python_cmd('setup.py', '-q', 'bdist_egg', '--dist-dir', to_dir)
finally:
os.chdir(old_wd)
shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
# returning the result
log.warn(egg)
if not os.path.exists(egg):
raise IOError('Could not build the egg.')
def get_zip_class():
"""
Supplement ZipFile class to support context manager for Python 2.6
"""
class ContextualZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile):
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
self.close
return zipfile.ZipFile if hasattr(zipfile.ZipFile, '__exit__') else \
ContextualZipFile
@contextlib.contextmanager
def archive_context(filename):
# extracting the archive
tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
log.warn('Extracting in %s', tmpdir)
old_wd = os.getcwd()
try:
os.chdir(tmpdir)
with get_zip_class()(filename) as archive:
archive.extractall()
# going in the directory
subdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, os.listdir(tmpdir)[0])
os.chdir(subdir)
log.warn('Now working in %s', subdir)
yield
finally:
os.chdir(old_wd)
shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
def _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir, download_delay):
egg = os.path.join(to_dir, 'setuptools-%s-py%d.%d.egg'
% (version, sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]))
if not os.path.exists(egg):
tarball = download_setuptools(version, download_base,
archive = download_setuptools(version, download_base,
to_dir, download_delay)
_build_egg(egg, tarball, to_dir)
_build_egg(egg, archive, to_dir)
sys.path.insert(0, egg)
# Remove previously-imported pkg_resources if present (see
@ -121,11 +118,10 @@ def _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir, download_delay):
def use_setuptools(version=DEFAULT_VERSION, download_base=DEFAULT_URL,
to_dir=os.curdir, download_delay=15):
# making sure we use the absolute path
to_dir=os.curdir, download_delay=15):
to_dir = os.path.abspath(to_dir)
was_imported = 'pkg_resources' in sys.modules or \
'setuptools' in sys.modules
rep_modules = 'pkg_resources', 'setuptools'
imported = set(sys.modules).intersection(rep_modules)
try:
import pkg_resources
except ImportError:
@ -133,23 +129,24 @@ def use_setuptools(version=DEFAULT_VERSION, download_base=DEFAULT_URL,
try:
pkg_resources.require("setuptools>=" + version)
return
except pkg_resources.VersionConflict:
e = sys.exc_info()[1]
if was_imported:
sys.stderr.write(
"The required version of setuptools (>=%s) is not available,\n"
"and can't be installed while this script is running. Please\n"
"install a more recent version first, using\n"
"'easy_install -U setuptools'."
"\n\n(Currently using %r)\n" % (version, e.args[0]))
sys.exit(2)
else:
del pkg_resources, sys.modules['pkg_resources'] # reload ok
return _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir,
download_delay)
except pkg_resources.DistributionNotFound:
return _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir,
download_delay)
return _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir, download_delay)
except pkg_resources.VersionConflict as VC_err:
if imported:
msg = textwrap.dedent("""
The required version of setuptools (>={version}) is not available,
and can't be installed while this script is running. Please
install a more recent version first, using
'easy_install -U setuptools'.
(Currently using {VC_err.args[0]!r})
""").format(VC_err=VC_err, version=version)
sys.stderr.write(msg)
sys.exit(2)
# otherwise, reload ok
del pkg_resources, sys.modules['pkg_resources']
return _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir, download_delay)
def _clean_check(cmd, target):
"""
@ -266,9 +263,9 @@ def get_best_downloader():
return dl
def download_setuptools(version=DEFAULT_VERSION, download_base=DEFAULT_URL,
to_dir=os.curdir, delay=15,
downloader_factory=get_best_downloader):
"""Download setuptools from a specified location and return its filename
to_dir=os.curdir, delay=15, downloader_factory=get_best_downloader):
"""
Download setuptools from a specified location and return its filename
`version` should be a valid setuptools version number that is available
as an egg for download under the `download_base` URL (which should end
@ -281,74 +278,20 @@ def download_setuptools(version=DEFAULT_VERSION, download_base=DEFAULT_URL,
"""
# making sure we use the absolute path
to_dir = os.path.abspath(to_dir)
tgz_name = "setuptools-%s.tar.gz" % version
url = download_base + tgz_name
saveto = os.path.join(to_dir, tgz_name)
zip_name = "setuptools-%s.zip" % version
url = download_base + zip_name
saveto = os.path.join(to_dir, zip_name)
if not os.path.exists(saveto): # Avoid repeated downloads
log.warn("Downloading %s", url)
downloader = downloader_factory()
downloader(url, saveto)
return os.path.realpath(saveto)
def _extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
"""Extract all members from the archive to the current working
directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
list returned by getmembers().
"""
import copy
import operator
from tarfile import ExtractError
directories = []
if members is None:
members = self
for tarinfo in members:
if tarinfo.isdir():
# Extract directories with a safe mode.
directories.append(tarinfo)
tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
tarinfo.mode = 448 # decimal for oct 0700
self.extract(tarinfo, path)
# Reverse sort directories.
if sys.version_info < (2, 4):
def sorter(dir1, dir2):
return cmp(dir1.name, dir2.name)
directories.sort(sorter)
directories.reverse()
else:
directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'), reverse=True)
# Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
for tarinfo in directories:
dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
try:
self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
except ExtractError:
e = sys.exc_info()[1]
if self.errorlevel > 1:
raise
else:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
def _build_install_args(options):
"""
Build the arguments to 'python setup.py install' on the setuptools package
"""
install_args = []
if options.user_install:
if sys.version_info < (2, 6):
log.warn("--user requires Python 2.6 or later")
raise SystemExit(1)
install_args.append('--user')
return install_args
return ['--user'] if options.user_install else []
def _parse_args():
"""
@ -367,16 +310,23 @@ def _parse_args():
const=lambda: download_file_insecure, default=get_best_downloader,
help='Use internal, non-validating downloader'
)
parser.add_option(
'--version', help="Specify which version to download",
default=DEFAULT_VERSION,
)
options, args = parser.parse_args()
# positional arguments are ignored
return options
def main(version=DEFAULT_VERSION):
def main():
"""Install or upgrade setuptools and EasyInstall"""
options = _parse_args()
tarball = download_setuptools(download_base=options.download_base,
downloader_factory=options.downloader_factory)
return _install(tarball, _build_install_args(options))
archive = download_setuptools(
version=options.version,
download_base=options.download_base,
downloader_factory=options.downloader_factory,
)
return _install(archive, _build_install_args(options))
if __name__ == '__main__':
sys.exit(main())

382
ez_setup_1_4_2.py Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
#!python
"""Bootstrap setuptools installation
If you want to use setuptools in your package's setup.py, just include this
file in the same directory with it, and add this to the top of your setup.py::
from ez_setup import use_setuptools
use_setuptools()
If you want to require a specific version of setuptools, set a download
mirror, or use an alternate download directory, you can do so by supplying
the appropriate options to ``use_setuptools()``.
This file can also be run as a script to install or upgrade setuptools.
"""
import os
import shutil
import sys
import tempfile
import tarfile
import optparse
import subprocess
import platform
from distutils import log
try:
from site import USER_SITE
except ImportError:
USER_SITE = None
DEFAULT_VERSION = "1.4.2"
DEFAULT_URL = "https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/s/setuptools/"
def _python_cmd(*args):
args = (sys.executable,) + args
return subprocess.call(args) == 0
def _check_call_py24(cmd, *args, **kwargs):
res = subprocess.call(cmd, *args, **kwargs)
class CalledProcessError(Exception):
pass
if not res == 0:
msg = "Command '%s' return non-zero exit status %d" % (cmd, res)
raise CalledProcessError(msg)
vars(subprocess).setdefault('check_call', _check_call_py24)
def _install(tarball, install_args=()):
# extracting the tarball
tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
log.warn('Extracting in %s', tmpdir)
old_wd = os.getcwd()
try:
os.chdir(tmpdir)
tar = tarfile.open(tarball)
_extractall(tar)
tar.close()
# going in the directory
subdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, os.listdir(tmpdir)[0])
os.chdir(subdir)
log.warn('Now working in %s', subdir)
# installing
log.warn('Installing Setuptools')
if not _python_cmd('setup.py', 'install', *install_args):
log.warn('Something went wrong during the installation.')
log.warn('See the error message above.')
# exitcode will be 2
return 2
finally:
os.chdir(old_wd)
shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
def _build_egg(egg, tarball, to_dir):
# extracting the tarball
tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
log.warn('Extracting in %s', tmpdir)
old_wd = os.getcwd()
try:
os.chdir(tmpdir)
tar = tarfile.open(tarball)
_extractall(tar)
tar.close()
# going in the directory
subdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, os.listdir(tmpdir)[0])
os.chdir(subdir)
log.warn('Now working in %s', subdir)
# building an egg
log.warn('Building a Setuptools egg in %s', to_dir)
_python_cmd('setup.py', '-q', 'bdist_egg', '--dist-dir', to_dir)
finally:
os.chdir(old_wd)
shutil.rmtree(tmpdir)
# returning the result
log.warn(egg)
if not os.path.exists(egg):
raise IOError('Could not build the egg.')
def _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir, download_delay):
egg = os.path.join(to_dir, 'setuptools-%s-py%d.%d.egg'
% (version, sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]))
if not os.path.exists(egg):
tarball = download_setuptools(version, download_base,
to_dir, download_delay)
_build_egg(egg, tarball, to_dir)
sys.path.insert(0, egg)
# Remove previously-imported pkg_resources if present (see
# https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/pull-request/7/ for details).
if 'pkg_resources' in sys.modules:
del sys.modules['pkg_resources']
import setuptools
setuptools.bootstrap_install_from = egg
def use_setuptools(version=DEFAULT_VERSION, download_base=DEFAULT_URL,
to_dir=os.curdir, download_delay=15):
# making sure we use the absolute path
to_dir = os.path.abspath(to_dir)
was_imported = 'pkg_resources' in sys.modules or \
'setuptools' in sys.modules
try:
import pkg_resources
except ImportError:
return _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir, download_delay)
try:
pkg_resources.require("setuptools>=" + version)
return
except pkg_resources.VersionConflict:
e = sys.exc_info()[1]
if was_imported:
sys.stderr.write(
"The required version of setuptools (>=%s) is not available,\n"
"and can't be installed while this script is running. Please\n"
"install a more recent version first, using\n"
"'easy_install -U setuptools'."
"\n\n(Currently using %r)\n" % (version, e.args[0]))
sys.exit(2)
else:
del pkg_resources, sys.modules['pkg_resources'] # reload ok
return _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir,
download_delay)
except pkg_resources.DistributionNotFound:
return _do_download(version, download_base, to_dir,
download_delay)
def _clean_check(cmd, target):
"""
Run the command to download target. If the command fails, clean up before
re-raising the error.
"""
try:
subprocess.check_call(cmd)
except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
if os.access(target, os.F_OK):
os.unlink(target)
raise
def download_file_powershell(url, target):
"""
Download the file at url to target using Powershell (which will validate
trust). Raise an exception if the command cannot complete.
"""
target = os.path.abspath(target)
cmd = [
'powershell',
'-Command',
"(new-object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadFile(%(url)r, %(target)r)" % vars(),
]
_clean_check(cmd, target)
def has_powershell():
if platform.system() != 'Windows':
return False
cmd = ['powershell', '-Command', 'echo test']
devnull = open(os.path.devnull, 'wb')
try:
try:
subprocess.check_call(cmd, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
except Exception:
return False
finally:
devnull.close()
return True
download_file_powershell.viable = has_powershell
def download_file_curl(url, target):
cmd = ['curl', url, '--silent', '--output', target]
_clean_check(cmd, target)
def has_curl():
cmd = ['curl', '--version']
devnull = open(os.path.devnull, 'wb')
try:
try:
subprocess.check_call(cmd, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
except Exception:
return False
finally:
devnull.close()
return True
download_file_curl.viable = has_curl
def download_file_wget(url, target):
cmd = ['wget', url, '--quiet', '--output-document', target]
_clean_check(cmd, target)
def has_wget():
cmd = ['wget', '--version']
devnull = open(os.path.devnull, 'wb')
try:
try:
subprocess.check_call(cmd, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
except Exception:
return False
finally:
devnull.close()
return True
download_file_wget.viable = has_wget
def download_file_insecure(url, target):
"""
Use Python to download the file, even though it cannot authenticate the
connection.
"""
try:
from urllib.request import urlopen
except ImportError:
from urllib2 import urlopen
src = dst = None
try:
src = urlopen(url)
# Read/write all in one block, so we don't create a corrupt file
# if the download is interrupted.
data = src.read()
dst = open(target, "wb")
dst.write(data)
finally:
if src:
src.close()
if dst:
dst.close()
download_file_insecure.viable = lambda: True
def get_best_downloader():
downloaders = [
download_file_powershell,
download_file_curl,
download_file_wget,
download_file_insecure,
]
for dl in downloaders:
if dl.viable():
return dl
def download_setuptools(version=DEFAULT_VERSION, download_base=DEFAULT_URL,
to_dir=os.curdir, delay=15,
downloader_factory=get_best_downloader):
"""Download setuptools from a specified location and return its filename
`version` should be a valid setuptools version number that is available
as an egg for download under the `download_base` URL (which should end
with a '/'). `to_dir` is the directory where the egg will be downloaded.
`delay` is the number of seconds to pause before an actual download
attempt.
``downloader_factory`` should be a function taking no arguments and
returning a function for downloading a URL to a target.
"""
# making sure we use the absolute path
to_dir = os.path.abspath(to_dir)
tgz_name = "setuptools-%s.tar.gz" % version
url = download_base + tgz_name
saveto = os.path.join(to_dir, tgz_name)
if not os.path.exists(saveto): # Avoid repeated downloads
log.warn("Downloading %s", url)
downloader = downloader_factory()
downloader(url, saveto)
return os.path.realpath(saveto)
def _extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
"""Extract all members from the archive to the current working
directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
list returned by getmembers().
"""
import copy
import operator
from tarfile import ExtractError
directories = []
if members is None:
members = self
for tarinfo in members:
if tarinfo.isdir():
# Extract directories with a safe mode.
directories.append(tarinfo)
tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
tarinfo.mode = 448 # decimal for oct 0700
self.extract(tarinfo, path)
# Reverse sort directories.
if sys.version_info < (2, 4):
def sorter(dir1, dir2):
return cmp(dir1.name, dir2.name)
directories.sort(sorter)
directories.reverse()
else:
directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'), reverse=True)
# Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
for tarinfo in directories:
dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
try:
self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
except ExtractError:
e = sys.exc_info()[1]
if self.errorlevel > 1:
raise
else:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
def _build_install_args(options):
"""
Build the arguments to 'python setup.py install' on the setuptools package
"""
install_args = []
if options.user_install:
if sys.version_info < (2, 6):
log.warn("--user requires Python 2.6 or later")
raise SystemExit(1)
install_args.append('--user')
return install_args
def _parse_args():
"""
Parse the command line for options
"""
parser = optparse.OptionParser()
parser.add_option(
'--user', dest='user_install', action='store_true', default=False,
help='install in user site package (requires Python 2.6 or later)')
parser.add_option(
'--download-base', dest='download_base', metavar="URL",
default=DEFAULT_URL,
help='alternative URL from where to download the setuptools package')
parser.add_option(
'--insecure', dest='downloader_factory', action='store_const',
const=lambda: download_file_insecure, default=get_best_downloader,
help='Use internal, non-validating downloader'
)
options, args = parser.parse_args()
# positional arguments are ignored
return options
def main(version=DEFAULT_VERSION):
"""Install or upgrade setuptools and EasyInstall"""
options = _parse_args()
tarball = download_setuptools(download_base=options.download_base,
downloader_factory=options.downloader_factory)
return _install(tarball, _build_install_args(options))
if __name__ == '__main__':
sys.exit(main())

View File

@ -15,19 +15,63 @@
# 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
# written by: Jeff Ortel ( jortel@redhat.com )
# Automatically download & install an appropriate setuptools version if needed.
import ez_setup
ez_setup.use_setuptools()
# 'setuptools' related packages.
import pkg_resources
from setuptools import setup, find_packages
import os
import os.path
import sys
# Using setuptools provides us with the following benefits:
# - integrated py2to3 source code conversion when building from sources
# - PyPI upload support - uploading source distributions and eggs to PyPI
# - deploying the project in 'development mode', such that it is available on
# sys.path, yet can still be edited directly from its source checkout
# - using the setup 'test' command as a standard way to run the project's
# test suite
# - setuptools.find_packages()
def use_compatible_setuptools():
"""
Makes sure a compatible setuptools version is used for this installation.
As a general rule, uses the most recent setuptools distribution tested to
work with our project and the current platform, and will accept as
compatible only that setuptools version or newer.
If a compatible setuptools version is detected, automatically imports its
modules into sys.modules.
If a compatible setuptools package is not already installed, downloads a
compatible one from PyPI, imports it and configures it to install itself
as a part of our project's setup procedure. This includes automatically
upgrading an already installed incompatible setuptools version.
"""
# We considered reusing an existing setuptools installation even if it is
# older than the one downloaded by our setuptools installation scripts, as
# that could help simplify the installation in some cases and certain older
# versions have been seen to install our project without problems. However,
# such older setuptools releases have known usability issues we really do
# not want to waste time dealing with in some more esoteric usage
# scenarios. Also, not all older setuptools versions have been tested and
# some of them have documented regressions that would most likely break our
# project installation as well, e.g. upgrading to setuptools 3.0 is
# documented to fail on Python 2.6 due to an accidental backward
# incompatibility corrected in the setuptools 3.1 release.
if sys.version_info < (2, 6):
# setuptools 1.4.2 - the final release supporting Python 2.4 & 2.5.
import ez_setup_1_4_2 as ez_setup
else:
import ez_setup
ez_setup.use_setuptools()
# 'setuptools' related packages.
use_compatible_setuptools()
import pkg_resources
from setuptools import setup, find_packages
def read_python_code(filename):
"Returns the given Python source file's compiled content."
file = open(filename, "rt")