diff --git a/tests/test_nanterre_synchronize_federations.py b/tests/test_nanterre_synchronize_federations.py
index 037dfe7..6dc83e1 100644
--- a/tests/test_nanterre_synchronize_federations.py
+++ b/tests/test_nanterre_synchronize_federations.py
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 import csv
 import io
 
-from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
-
 from webtest import Upload
 
 
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ def test_synchronize_federations(settings, app, nanterre_classic_family, admin):
     response = response.click(u'Synchroniser les fédérations')
     response = response.click(u'Nouvel import')
     response.form.set('app_id', 'technocarte')
-    content = force_bytes('\n'.join(map(str, [f['kevin'].id + 1000, f['marie'].id + 1000, '99999'])))
+    content = ('\n'.join(map(str, [f['kevin'].id + 1000, f['marie'].id + 1000, '99999']))).encode()
     response.form.set('csv_uploaded', Upload('federations.csv', content, 'application/octet-stream'))
     response = response.form.submit().follow()
     assert len(response.pyquery('table#result-list tbody tr')) == 1
diff --git a/zoo/zoo_meta/models.py b/zoo/zoo_meta/models.py
index 5b88baf..0daa570 100644
--- a/zoo/zoo_meta/models.py
+++ b/zoo/zoo_meta/models.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ from hashlib import md5
 
 from django.apps import apps
 from django.db import models, connection
-from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
 from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
 from django.contrib.postgres.fields import JSONField
 
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ class CommonSchema(models.Model):
 
     def rebuild_string_index(self, cursor, table, path):
         expr = 'immutable_normalize((content%s))' % self.path_to_sql_expr(path)
-        key = md5(force_bytes(expr)).hexdigest()[:8]
+        key = md5(expr.encode()).hexdigest()[:8]
         sql = ('CREATE INDEX zoo_entity_%s_gin_%s_dynamic_idx ON %s USING gin ((%s) '
                ' gin_trgm_ops) WHERE schema_id = %s' % (key, self.id, table, expr, self.id))
         cursor.execute(sql)
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ class CommonSchema(models.Model):
 
     def rebuild_string_date_time_index(self, cursor, table, path):
         expr = 'immutable_date(content%s)' % self.path_to_sql_expr(path)
-        key = md5(force_bytes(expr)).hexdigest()[:8]
+        key = md5(expr.encode()).hexdigest()[:8]
         sql = ('CREATE INDEX zoo_entity_%s_%s_dynamic_idx ON %s (%s) '
                'WHERE schema_id = %s' % (key, self.id, table, expr, self.id))
         cursor.execute(sql)
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ class CommonSchema(models.Model):
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(self)
 
-        key = md5(force_bytes(expr)).hexdigest()[:8]
+        key = md5(expr.encode()).hexdigest()[:8]
         gin_sql = ('CREATE INDEX zoo_entity_%s_gin_%s_dynamic_idx ON %s USING gin ((%s) '
                    'gin_trgm_ops) WHERE schema_id = %s' % (key, self.id, table, expr, self.id))
         gist_sql = ('CREATE INDEX zoo_entity_%s_gist_%s_dynamic_idx ON %s USING gist ((%s)'
diff --git a/zoo/zoo_nanterre/synchronize_federations.py b/zoo/zoo_nanterre/synchronize_federations.py
index 823d4c4..bd5dc27 100644
--- a/zoo/zoo_nanterre/synchronize_federations.py
+++ b/zoo/zoo_nanterre/synchronize_federations.py
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import DatabaseError
 from django.db.transaction import atomic
-from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes
 
 from zoo.zoo_meta.models import EntitySchema
 from zoo.zoo_data.models import Job, Entity, Transaction, Log